HPP 2026 Edition

AI and the Labour Market in Greece

Authors: Evangelos V. Dioikitopoulos, Maria M. Mexi, Konstantinos Pouliakas, Stylianos Rousalis, Christianna Sintou
Abstract

This paper provides the first causal estimates of the effects of artificial intelligence on labour market outcomes in Greece, exploiting the natural experiment created by the public release of ChatGPT in November 2022. Using large-scale supply- and demand-side data from the Greek labour market, we estimate the effects of generative AI exposure on working hours, wages, and unemployment by comparing workers in occupations with different levels of AI exposure before and after the widespread adoption of generative AI. To measure exposure, we introduce a first version of an AI occupational exposure index tailored to the Greek economy, combining job descriptions and job postings at the ISCO and NACE levels, alongside established international measures. We also develop, using legal documents, a new AI protection indicator based on formal occupational rights, which allows us to test whether professional credentialling provides short-term insulation from AI-driven labour market disruption. Our findings reveal substantial heterogeneity across demographic and occupational groups. Finally, we benchmark Greece against other European countries in terms of AI adoption at both the individual and enterprise levels using the Eurostat ICT Survey, and we conduct a large-scale survey to estimate productivity gains associated with AI adoption.